How to navigate OPT and CPT as a STEM major
International students enrolled in a postgraduate STEM program in the U.S. might be interested in gaining practical work experience. Students with an F-1 visa can enhance their education with two career training options: curricular practical training (CPT) and optional practical training (OPT).
STEM students can leverage these programs to get the most out of their academic experience in the U.S., but understanding the nuances between the two pathways is essential.
CPT for STEM Students
International students can earn academic credit or units toward the completion of a STEM curriculum through CPT. Under CPT, STEM students get hands-on experience through an internship or co-op opportunity. CPT is only available after completing at least one academic year at a Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP)-certified institution unless your degree program requires immediate participation in CPT.
To apply, speak to your designated school officer (DSO) to get authorization. You’ll need Form I-20 showing your DSO’s approval for CPT employment. Additionally, your employer must provide a signed letter or agreement acknowledging the employment restrictions under CPT.
The work opportunity can be either part- or full-time hours, but be mindful of how long you participate in full-time CPT. STEM students who engage in 12 months or more of full-time CPT lose access to OPT; however, unlimited part-time CPT is permitted without affecting OPT eligibility.
OPT for STEM students
OPT is temporary employment that is directly related to an F-1 student’s major area of study. International students can receive up to 12 months of work authorization. OPT can be performed before (pre-completion) or after graduation (post-completion). If you complete one year of full-time, pre-graduation OPT for the same degree level as post-completion OPT, that standard 12-year period is deducted from your allowed post-completion OPT total.
Regardless of when you engage in OPT, you can’t start work until after receiving an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) card from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
The work performed under OPT can be part or full time, but must be with an employer that’s enrolled in the USCIS E-Verify system and aligns with your degree field.
To apply for OPT:
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- Your DSO must recommend you and update your SEVIS record with a new Form I-20 showing their OPT recommendation.
- Then, you must submit an Application for Employment Authorization (Form I-765) to USCIS and pay the filing fee.
Application timelines depend on which type of OPT you’re interested in. STEM students can apply for pre-completion OPT as early as 90 days before the end of one full academic year. For the standard 12-month post-completion OPT period, you must apply within the first 30 days of receiving your DSO’s recommendation, and apply up to 90 days ahead of graduation. The latest you can submit a post-completion OPT application is 60 days after graduation.
Once the USCIS approves your application, an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) card will be created within two weeks and mailed.
STEM OPT Extension
OPT offers an attractive opportunity for those who graduate in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields. STEM OPT jobs for international students can help STEM graduates unlock a 24-month post-completion extension. When your initial post-completion OPT period ends, a 60-day grace period is in effect. You can apply for the STEM OPT extension after the grace period.
Students seeking the STEM OPT extension must apply within 60 days of receiving the DSO’s OPT recommendation, and up to 90 days before the initial post-completion OPT period expires.
In total, STEM degree holders can remain in the U.S. for a total of up to 36 months to gain practical work experience. However, you can receive an additional 24-month STEM OPT extension for each STEM-degree level earned in the future, like a master’s or doctorate.
OPT vs. CPT: Key differences for STEM students
Some features of OPT and CPT are similar – for example, the job must directly relate to your area of study and can be fulfilled in a part- or full-time capacity. However, these two pathways have major differences you should be aware of if pursuing postgraduate STEM studies.
| OPT | CPT |
| Can complete before or after graduating | Can only be completed while in school |
| Recommended by DSO; authorized by USCIS | Approved by DSO |
| Employment does NOT need to be tied to the program’s required curriculum | Training MUST be tied to academic requirements such as college credit |
| No employment offer needed | Employment offer letter required |
| Up to a 36-month duration (initial 12 month term and then 24 month extension) | No limit, but one year of full-time CPT can impact OPT eligibility |
| Processing time: two to six months | Processing time: approximately two weeks |
Getting the most from your OPT or CPT experience
Pursuing OPT or CPT opportunities can help you develop your STEM career. Here are a few tips to ensure your practical training is worthwhile.
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- Meet with your DSO early. Don’t wait until the last minute to speak with your DSO. Ask about OPT or CPT for international students and how these programs can support your academic and career goals. Discuss the best strategy for your needs, eligibility requirements and application timelines.
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- Be present at your job. While you’re working in the U.S., take the initiative to connect with your colleagues and managers. CPT and OPT offer a valuable networking opportunity to build meaningful relationships with professionals in your industry. Stay curious by asking questions, and be open to new and challenging tasks while on the job.
- Plan for the future. Ensure you stay compliant with visa requirements while engaged in CPT or OPT. You’ll also want to remember key timelines – like the dates you’re allowed to apply for the STEM OPT extension – before your authorized training period expires.
FAQs
Does CPT affect STEM OPT?
Yes. CPT can affect a student’s STEM OPT eligibility if the student completes 12 months or more of full-time CPT.
Can STEM students have three years of OPT?
Yes, the initial OPT term is 12 months, and a STEM OPT extension provides an additional 24 months. STEM OPT jobs are for international students who graduate and work in a STEM field qualifying for a total OPT period of three years.
What are STEM programs for OPT?
International students who enroll in a field of study within the sciences, technology, engineering or mathematics are eligible for the STEM OPT extension. See the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s STEM degree program list to see if your school’s program qualifies, or speak to your designated school officer.
